Esi sikhokelo sibonisa ezinye iingxaki eziqhelekileyo ezinokuthi zenzeke nge-polymer kunye ne-elastomeric materials ezahlukileyo kwezo zenzeke ngamatywina esinyithi kunye namacandelo.
Ukungaphumeleli kwamacandelo e-polymer (iplastiki kunye ne-elastomeric) kunye nemiphumo yayo ingaba yinto enzima njengokungaphumeleli kwezixhobo zetsimbi.Ulwazi olunikeziweyo luchaza ezinye zeepropati ezichaphazela amacandelo e-polymer yezixhobo ezisetyenziswa kumaziko oshishino.Olu lwazi lusebenza kwilifa elithileO-amakhonkco, umbhobho owenziweyo, iplastiki eqiniswe ngefiber (FRP) kunye nombhobho owenziweyo.Imizekelo yeepropathi ezifana nokungena, ubushushu beglasi, kunye ne-viscoelasticity kunye neempembelelo zabo zixoxwa.
NgoJanuwari 28, 1986, intlekele yesiphekepheke sikaChallenger yothusa ihlabathi.Ugqabhuko-dubulo lwenzekile ngenxa yokuba i-O-ring ayizange itywinwe ngokufanelekileyo.
Iimpazamo ezichazwe kweli nqaku zazisa ezinye zeempawu ezingezizo ezentsimbi ezichaphazela izixhobo ezisetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso.Kwimeko nganye, iimpawu ezibalulekileyo zepolymer zixoxwa.
I-Elastomers zineqondo lobushushu leglasi, elichazwa njenge "iqondo lobushushu apho i-amorphous material, njengeglasi okanye i-polymer, itshintsha ukusuka kwimo yeglasi enqabileyo ukuya kwi-ductile state" [1].
Ii-elastomers zineseti yoxinzelelo - "ichazwa njengepesenti yoxinzelelo i-elastomer engenako ukuphinda ibuyele emva kwexesha elimiselweyo kwi-extrusion kunye nobushushu obunikiweyo" [2].Ngokutsho kombhali, ukunyanzeliswa kubhekisela ekukwazini kwerabha ukubuyela kwimo yayo yokuqala.Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukunyanzeliswa kwenzuzo kulungiswa kukwandiswa okuthile okwenzeka ngexesha lokusetyenziswa.Nangona kunjalo, njengoko umzekelo ongezantsi ubonisa, oku akusoloko kunjalo.
Impazamo 1: Ubushushu obuphantsi be-ambient (36°F) phambi kokuqaliswa bubangele ukungonelanga kwee-Viton O-rings kwi-Space Shuttle Challenger.Njengoko kuchaziwe kuphando lweengozi ezahlukeneyo: "Kwiqondo lokushisa elingaphantsi kwe-50 ° F, i-Viton V747-75 O-ring ayiguquguquki ngokwaneleyo ukulandelela ukuvulwa kwesithuba sovavanyo" [3].Iqondo lobushushu leglasi libangela ukuba i-Challenger O-ring ingaphumeleli ukutywinwa ngokufanelekileyo.
Ingxaki yesi-2: Izitywina eziboniswe kwiMifanekiso 1 kunye ne-2 zibonakaliswe ngokukodwa kumanzi kunye ne-steam.Amatywina adityaniswe kwindawo esebenzisa i-ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM).Nangona kunjalo, bavavanya i-fluoroelastomers (FKM) njengeViton) kunye ne-perfluoroelastomer (FFKM) njengeKalrez O-rings.Nangona ubukhulu buyahluka, zonke ii-O-rings eziboniswe kuMfanekiso 2 ziqala ubungakanani obufanayo:
Kwenzeke ntoni?Ukusetyenziswa komphunga kunokuba yingxaki kwii-elastomers.Ukusetyenziswa kwe-steam ngaphezu kwe-250 ° F, ukwandiswa kunye nokuguqulwa kokunciphisa i-FKM kunye ne-FFKM kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo ekupakisheni izibalo zoyilo.Ii-elastomers ezahlukeneyo zineengenelo ezithile kunye nokungonakali, kwanabo banokumelana nemichiza ephezulu.Naluphi na utshintsho lufuna ukulungiswa ngononophelo.
Amanqaku ngokubanzi kwii-elastomers.Ngokubanzi, ukusetyenziswa kwee-elastomers kumaqondo obushushu angaphezu kwama-250 ° F nangaphantsi kwe-35 ° F kukhethekileyo kwaye kunokufuna igalelo lomyili.
Kubalulekile ukumisela ukubunjwa kwe-elastomeric esetyenzisiweyo.I-Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR) inokwahlula phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo kakhulu zeeelastomers, ezifana ne-EPDM, i-FKM kunye ne-FFKM ekhankanywe ngasentla.Nangona kunjalo, ukuvavanya ukwahlula enye ikhompawundi ye-FKM kwenye kunokuba ngumngeni.I-O-izangqa ezenziwe ngabavelisi abahlukeneyo zinokuba nezihluzi ezahlukeneyo, i-vulcanizations, kunye nonyango.Konke oku kunempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwisethi yokunyanzeliswa, ukuchasana kweekhemikhali kunye neempawu zokushisa okuphantsi.
Iipolymers zinamatyathanga amade, aphinda-phindayo emolekyuli avumela ulwelo oluthile ukuba lungene kuzo.Ngokungafaniyo neentsimbi, ezinesakhiwo sekristale, iimolekyuli ezinde zidibanisana njengomtya we-spaghetti ephekiweyo.Ngokomzimba, iimolekyuli ezincinci ezifana namanzi / umphunga kunye neegesi zinokungena.Ezinye iimolekyuli zincinci ngokwaneleyo ukuba zingene kwizithuba phakathi kwamatyathanga.
Ukungaphumeleli kwe-3: Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukubhala uphando lokuhlalutya ukusilela kuqala ngokufumana imifanekiso yamalungu.Nangona kunjalo, isiqwenga seplastiki esisicaba, esiguquguqukayo, esinepetroli esinuka ngepetroli esifunyenwe ngolwesiHlanu sasijike saba ngumbhobho ongqukuva oqinileyo ngoMvulo (ixesha lokuthatyathwa kwefoto).Icandelo lixelwe ukuba yibhatyi yepayipi ye-polyethylene (PE) esetyenziselwa ukukhusela amacandelo ombane ngaphantsi kwinqanaba lomhlaba kwisikhululo segesi.Isiqwenga seplastiki esithambileyo osifumeneyo asiyikhuselanga intambo.Ukungena kwepetroli kubangele utshintsho lomzimba, kungekhona iikhemikhali - umbhobho we-polyethylene awuzange ubole.Nangona kunjalo, kuyimfuneko ukungena kwimibhobho ethambileyo encinci.
Impazamo 4. Amaziko amaninzi amashishini asebenzisa imibhobho yensimbi yeTeflon-coated kunyango lwamanzi, unyango lwe-asidi kunye nalapho ubukho bezinto ezingcolileyo zetsimbi zingabandakanywa (umzekelo, kwishishini lokutya).Imibhobho egqunywe ngeTeflon ineendawo zokuphuma kwamanzi ezivumela amanzi ukuba angene kwindawo ye-annular phakathi kwentsimbi kunye nelayini ukuba ikhuphe.Nangona kunjalo, imibhobho enemigca inobomi beshelufu emva kokusetyenziswa ixesha elide.
Umzobo 4 ubonisa umbhobho weTeflon-lined osetyenziselwe ukubonelela ngeHCl iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi.Isixa esikhulu seemveliso ze-corrosion zensimbi ziqokelela kwindawo ye-annular phakathi komgca kunye nombhobho wensimbi.Imveliso yatyhala i-lining ngaphakathi, ibangela umonakalo njengoko kuboniswe kuMzobo 5. Ukonakala kwentsimbi kuqhubeka de umbhobho uqale ukuvuza.
Ukongeza, ukukhasa kwenzeka kwi-Teflon flange surface.I-Creep ichazwa njenge-deformation (deformation) phantsi komthwalo oqhubekayo.Njengezinyithi, ukunyuka kweepolymers kuyanda ngokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu.Nangona kunjalo, ngokungafaniyo nentsimbi, i-creep ivela kwiqondo lokushisa.Inokwenzeka ukuba, njengoko i-cross-section ye-flange surface iyancipha, iibholiti zombhobho wensimbi zigqithise ngokugqithiseleyo kuze kube yilapho kuvela i-ring ring, eboniswe kwisithombeni.Iintanda ezisazinge ngakumbi ziveza umbhobho wentsimbi kwi-HCl.
Ukungaphumeleli kwe-5: Iintambo ze-polyethylene eziphezulu (i-HDPE) zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwi-oyile kunye ne-gas industry ukulungisa i-corroded iron injection lines water.Nangona kunjalo, kukho iimfuno ezikhethekileyo zokulawula uxinzelelo lwe-liner.Amanani 6 kunye ne-7 abonisa umgca ongaphumelelanga.Ukulimala kwi-valve liner enye kwenzeka xa uxinzelelo lwe-annulus ludlula uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi lokusebenza - umgca uyahluleka ngenxa yokungena.Kwii-liners ze-HDPE, indlela efanelekileyo yokuthintela oku kungaphumeleli kukuphepha ukudakumba ngokukhawuleza kombhobho.
Amandla amacandelo e-fiberglass ayancipha ngokusetyenziswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo.Iingqimba ezininzi zinokudelaminate kwaye ziqhekeke ngokuhamba kwexesha.I-API 15 HR "I-High Pressure Fiberglass Linear Pipe" iqulethe inkcazo yokuba utshintsho lwe-20% kuxinzelelo luvavanyo kunye nomda wokulungisa.Icandelo 13.1.2.8 leCanadian Standard CSA Z662, iPetroleum and Gas Pipeline Systems, lichaza ukuba ukuguquguquka koxinzelelo kufuneka kugcinwe ngaphantsi kwe-20% yomlinganiselo woxinzelelo lomenzi wemibhobho.Ngaphandle koko, uxinzelelo loyilo lunokuncitshiswa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-50%.Xa uyila i-FRP kunye ne-FRP nge-cladding, imithwalo ye-cyclic kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo.
Impazamo yesi-6: Umzantsi (intsimbi yesi-6) icala lombhobho we-fiberglass (FRP) osetyenziselwa ukubonelela ngamanzi anetyuwa ugqunywe nge-polyethylene ephezulu.Inxalenye engaphumelelanga, inxalenye enhle emva kokungaphumeleli, kunye necandelo lesithathu (elimele icandelo le-post-manufacturing component) livavanyiwe.Ngokukodwa, i-cross-section yecandelo elingaphumelelanga lifaniswa necandelo elinqamlezayo lombhobho owenziwe ngaphambili wobukhulu obufanayo (jonga iMifanekiso 8 kunye ne-9).Qaphela ukuba i-cross-section engaphumelelanga ineengqungquthela ezinzulu ze-intralaminar ezingekho kumbhobho owenziweyo.Idelamination yenzeke kuyo yomibini imibhobho emitsha nengaphumeleliyo.I-Delamination ixhaphake kwi-fiberglass enomxholo ophezulu weglasi;Umxholo weglasi ephezulu unika amandla amakhulu.Umbhobho ubuphantsi koxinzelelo olumandla (ngaphezulu kwe-20%) kwaye awuphumelelanga ngenxa yokulayisha umjikelo.
Umzobo 9. Nazi ezinye ezimbini ezinqamlezayo ze-fiberglass egqityiweyo kwipayipi ye-fiberglass ene-polyethylene ephezulu.
Ngethuba lokufakela kwisayithi, amacandelo amancinci ombhobho axhunyiwe - ezi zixhumo zibalulekile.Ngokuqhelekileyo, iziqwenga ezibini zombhobho zidityaniswa kunye kwaye isithuba phakathi kwemibhobho sizaliswe "nge-putty."Amalungu ke asongelwe kwimigangatho emininzi yokuqinisa i-fiberglass enobubanzi obubanzi kwaye ifakwe ngeresin.Umphandle wangaphandle wokudibanisa kufuneka ube nentsimbi eyaneleyo yokwaleka.
Izinto ezingezizo ezentsimbi ezifana ne-liners kunye ne-fiberglass zi-viscoelastic.Nangona le mpawu inzima ukuyichaza, ukubonakaliswa kwayo kuqhelekile: umonakalo ngokuqhelekileyo uyenzeka ngexesha lofakelo, kodwa ukuvuza akwenzeki ngokukhawuleza."I-Viscoelasticity yipropathi yesixhobo esibonisa zombini iimpawu ze-viscous kunye ne-elastic xa zikhubazekile.Izinto ezibonakalayo (ezifana nobusi) zixhathisa ukuhamba kwe-chear kunye nokukhubazeka ngokulandelelana kwexesha xa uxinzelelo lusetyenziswa.Izinto ze-elastic (ezifana nentsimbi) ziya konakala ngokukhawuleza, kodwa ziphinde zibuyele ngokukhawuleza kwimeko yazo yangaphambili emva kokuba uxinzelelo lususiwe.Izinto ze-Viscoelastic zineepropati zombini kwaye ngoko zibonisa ukuguqulwa kwexesha eliguqukayo.Ukolula ngokwesiqhelo kubangelwa kukolulwa kweebhondi ecaleni kwenqwelomoya yekristale ngokwezinto eziqinileyo, ngelixa i-viscosity isiphumo sokusasazeka kweeathom okanye iimolekyuli ngaphakathi kwesixhobo se-amorphous ”[4].
I-Fiberglass kunye nezixhobo zeplastiki zifuna ukunakekelwa okukhethekileyo ngexesha lofakelo kunye nokuphatha.Ngaphandle koko, banokuqhekeka kwaye umonakalo ungabonakali kude kube kudala emva kovavanyo lwe-hydrostatic.
Uninzi lweentsilelo zefiberglass linings zenzeka ngenxa yomonakalo ngexesha lofakelo [5].Uvavanyo lwe-Hydrostatic luyimfuneko kodwa aluboni umonakalo omncinci onokuthi wenzeke ngexesha lokusetyenziswa.
Umfanekiso we-10. Kuboniswe apha ngaphakathi (ekhohlo) kunye nangaphandle (ekunene) ujongano phakathi kwezahlulo zemibhobho yefiberglass.
Isiphene 7. Umzobo we-10 ubonisa ukudibanisa kwamacandelo amabini emibhobho ye-fiberglass.Umzobo we-11 ubonisa icandelo lomnqamlezo woqhagamshelwano.Umphandle wangaphandle wombhobho awuzange uqiniswe ngokwaneleyo kwaye utywinwe, kwaye umbhobho waphuka ngexesha lokuthutha.Iingcebiso zokuqiniswa kwamajoyina zinikwe kwi-DIN 16966, i-CSA Z662 kunye ne-ASME NM.2.
Imibhobho ye-polyethylene ephezulu yoxinaniso ilula, i-corrosion-resistant, kwaye isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwimibhobho yegesi kunye namanzi, kubandakanywa nemibhobho yomlilo kwiindawo zefektri.Uninzi lokusilela kule migca lunxulunyaniswa nomonakalo ofunyenwe ngexesha lomsebenzi wokomba [6].Nangona kunjalo, ukukhula okucothayo kokuqhekeka (SCG) ukusilela nako kunokwenzeka kuxinzelelo oluphantsi kunye noxinzelelo oluncinci.Ngokweengxelo, "i-SCG yindlela eqhelekileyo yokungaphumeleli kwimibhobho ye-polyethylene (PE) engaphantsi komhlaba kunye nempilo yoyilo lweminyaka eyi-50" [7].
Isiphoso sesi-8: I-SCG yenziwe kumbhobho womlilo emva kweminyaka engaphezu kwama-20 yokusetyenziswa.Ukwaphuka kwayo kunezi mpawu zilandelayo:
Ukungaphumeleli kwe-SCG kubonakaliswe ngepatheni yokuphuka: ine-deformation encinci kwaye iyenzeka ngenxa yamakhonkco amaninzi.Nje ukuba indawo ye-SCG inyuke ibe malunga ne-2 x 1.5 intshi, i-crack isasazeka ngokukhawuleza kwaye iimpawu ze-macroscopic zingabonakali kakhulu (Amanani 12-14).Umgca unokufumana utshintsho lomthwalo ongaphezu kwe-10% ngeveki.Amalungu amadala e-HDPE axelwe ukuba axhathise ngakumbi ukungaphumeleli ngenxa yokuguquguquka komthwalo kunamalungu amadala e-HDPE [8].Nangona kunjalo, amaziko akhoyo kufuneka athathele ingqalelo ukuphuhlisa i-SCG njengemibhobho yomlilo ye-HDPE yobudala.
Umzobo 12. Esi sithombe sibonisa apho i-T-branch idibanisa kunye nombhobho oyintloko, ukudala ukuqhekeka okuboniswa lutolo olubomvu.
Irayisi.14. Apha ungabona uvale umphezulu wokuqhekeka kwesebe elimise okwe-T kumbhobho oyintloko owenziwe ngu-T.Kukho iintanda ezicacileyo kumphezulu ongaphakathi.
Iziqulatho eziPhakathi ngoBuninzi (IBCs) zifanelekile ukugcina nokuthutha imichiza emincinci (Umfanekiso 15).Bathembeke kangangokuba kulula ukulibala ukuba ukungaphumeleli kwabo kunokubangela ingozi enkulu.Nangona kunjalo, ukungaphumeleli kwe-MDS kunokubangela ilahleko enkulu yemali, ezinye zazo zihlolwe ngababhali.Uninzi lweentsilelo lubangelwa ukuphathwa ngendlela engafanelekanga [9-11].Nangona i-IBC ibonakala ilula ukuyihlola, ukuqhekeka kwe-HDPE okubangelwa ukuphathwa ngendlela engafanelekanga kunzima ukuyibona.Kubaphathi bempahla kwiinkampani ezihlala ziphethe izikhongozeli ezininzi ezineemveliso eziyingozi, uhlolo oluthe gqolo nolucokisekileyo lwangaphandle nolwangaphakathi lunyanzelekile.eUnited States.
Umonakalo we-Ultraviolet (UV) kunye nokuguga kuxhaphake kwiipolymers.Oku kuthetha ukuba kufuneka silandele ngokucophelela imiyalelo yokugcina i-O-ring kwaye siqwalasele impembelelo kubomi bamacandelo angaphandle njengamatanki aphezulu avulekileyo kunye ne-pool linings.Ngelixa sifuna ukwandisa (ukunciphisa) uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lokulondoloza, okunye ukuhlolwa kwamacandelo angaphandle kuyimfuneko, ngakumbi ezo zichaneke ekukhanyeni kwelanga (Umfanekiso 16).
Iimpawu ezifana nobushushu beglasi yokutshintsha, isethi yoxinzelelo, ukungena, ukukhwela kweqondo lobushushu begumbi, i-viscoelasticity, ukusabalalisa okucothayo kokuqhekeka, njl njl.Ukuqinisekisa ukugcinwa okusebenzayo kunye nokusebenzayo kwamacandelo abalulekileyo, ezi zakhiwo kufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo, kwaye iipolymers kufuneka ziqaphele ezi zakhiwo.
Ababhali bangathanda ukubulela abathengi abanengqiqo kunye noogxa babo ngokwabelana ngeziphumo zabo kunye neshishini.
1. Lewis Sr., Richard J., Hawley's Concise Dictionary of Chemistry, i-12th edition, Thomas Press International, London, UK, 1992.
2. Umthombo we-Intanethi: https://promo.parker.com/promotionsite/oring-ehandbook/us/en/ehome/laboratory-compression-set.
3. I-Lach, i-Cynthia L., i-Effect of Temperature kunye ne-O-Ring Surface Treatment kwi-Ability yokutywina ye-Viton V747-75.I-NASA Technical Paper 3391, 1993, https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19940013602.pdf.
5. Iindlela ezigqwesileyo zaBavelisi baseCanada be-Oli kunye neGesi (i-CAPP), "Ukusebenzisa uMbhobho oQinisekisiweyo oQinisekisiweyo (ongeMetallic), ngo-Aprili 2017.
6. I-Maupin J. kunye no-Mamun M. Ukungaphumeleli, ukuPhathwa kweMngcipheko kunye neNgcaciso yePlastiki yePlastiki, iProjekthi ye-DOT No. 194, 2009.
7. I-Xiangpeng Luo, i-Jianfeng Shi kunye no-Jingyan Zheng, ii-Mechanisms of Slow Crack Growth kwi-Polyethylene: Iindlela ze-Element Finite, i-2015 ye-ASME ye-Pressure Vessels kunye neNkomfa yeMibhobho, e-Boston, MA, ngo-2015.
8. I-Oliphant, K., Conrad, M., kunye noBryce, W., Ukukhathala koMbhobho waManzi wePlastiki: Uphononongo lwezobuGcisa kunye neeNgcebiso zoYilo lokukhathala kwe-PE4710 Pipe, iNgxelo yobuGcisa egameni loMbutho wePlastiki wePipe, ngoMeyi 2012.
9. Izikhokelo ze-CBA/SIA zokuGcinwa kwee-Liquids kwi-Intermediate Bulk Containers, i-ICB Issue 2, ngo-Oktobha 2018 kwi-Intanethi: www.chemical.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/ibc-guidance-issue-2- 2018-1.pdf.
10. UBeale, uChristopher J., Indlela, iCharter, izizathu ze-IBC Ukuvuza kwiZityalo zeMichiza - Uhlalutyo lwamava okusebenza, iSemina Series No. 154, IChemE, Rugby, UK, 2008, kwi-intanethi: https://www.icheme.org/media/9737/xx-paper-42.pdf.
11. I-Madden, D., Ukunyamekela i-IBC Totes: Iingcebiso ezintlanu zokuzenza ziGqibele, zifakwe kwii-Bulk Containers, i-IBC Totes, i-Sustainability, ifakwe kwi-blog.containerexchanger.com, ngoSeptemba 15, i-2018.
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